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A jack or knave is a playing card which, in traditional French and English decks, pictures a man in the traditional or historic aristocratic or courtier dress, generally associated with Europe of the 16th or 17th century. The usual rank of a jack, within its suit, plays as if it was an 11 (that is, between the 10 and the queen). As the lowest face (or 'court') card, the jack often represents a minimum standard — for example, many poker games require a minimum hand of a pair of jacks ('jacks or better') in order to continue play.
History[edit]
The earliest predecessor of the knave was the thānī nā'ib (second or under-deputy) in the Mamluk card deck. This was the lowest of the three court cards and like all court cards was depicted through abstract art or calligraphy. When brought over to Italy and Spain, the thānī nā'ib was made into an infantry soldier or page ranking below the knight card. In France, where the card was called the valet, the queen was inserted between the king and knight. The knight was subsequently dropped out of non-Tarot decks leaving the valet directly under the queen. The king-queen-valet format then made its way into England.
As early as the mid-16th century the card was known in England as the knave (meaning a male servant of royalty). Although jack was in common usage to designate the knave, the term became more entrenched when, in 1864,[1] American cardmaker Samuel Hart published a deck using 'J' instead of 'Kn' to designate the lowest-ranking court card. The knave card had been called a jack as part of the terminology of the game All Fours since the 17th century, but this usage was considered common or low class. However, because the card abbreviation for knave was so close to that of the king ('Kn' versus 'K'), the two were easily confused. This confusion was even more pronounced after the markings indicating suits and rankings were moved to the corners of the card, a move which enabled players to 'fan' a hand of cards without obscuring the individual suits and ranks. The earliest deck known of this type is from 1693, but such positioning did not become widespread until reintroduced by Hart in 1864, together with the knave-to-jack change. Books of card games published in the third quarter of the 19th century still referred to the 'knave' however, a term that is still recognized in the United Kingdom. (Note the exclamation by Estella in Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations: 'He calls the knaves, jacks, this boy!')
Representations[edit]
Poker Ace Jack Queen King Size
In the English pattern,[2] the jack and the other face cards represent no one in particular,[3] in contrast to the historical French practice, in which each court card is said to represent a particular historical or mythological personage. The valets in the Paris pattern have traditionally been associated with such figures as Ogier the Dane (a knight of Charlemagne and legendary hero of the chansons de geste) for the jack of spades;[4]La Hire (French warrior) for the Jack of Hearts; Hector (mythological hero of the Iliad) for the jack of diamonds; and Lancelot or Judas Maccabeus for the jack of clubs.[5][6]
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In some southern Italian decks, there are androgynous knaves that are sometimes referred to as maids. In the Sicilian Tarot deck, the knaves are unambiguously female and are also known as maids.[7] As this deck also includes queens, it is the only traditional set to survive into modern times with two ranks of female face cards. This pack may have been influenced by the obsolete Portuguese deck which also had female knaves. The modern Mexican pattern also has female knaves.[8]
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Poetry[edit]
The figure of the jack has been used in many literary works throughout history. Among these is one by 17th-century English writer Samuel Rowlands. The Four Knaves is a series of Satirical Tracts, with Introduction and Notes by E. F. Rimbault, upon the subject of playing cards. His 'The Knave of Clubbs: Tis Merry When Knaves Meet' was first published in 1600, then again in 1609 and 1611. In accordance with a promise at the end of this book, Rowlands went on with his series of Knaves, and in 1612 wrote 'The Knave of Harts: Haile Fellowe, Well Meet', where his 'Supplication to Card-Makers' appears,[9] thought to have been written to the English manufacturers who copied to the English decks the court figures created by the French.
Example cards[edit]
The cards shown here are from a Paris pattern deck (where the rank is known as the 'valet'), and include the historical and mythological names associated with them. The English pattern of the jacks can be seen in the photo at the top of the article.
Jack of spades: Ogier
Jack of hearts: La Hire
Classic slot games free. Jack of diamonds: Hector
Jack of clubs: Lancelot
Trickster figure[edit]
The jack, traditionally the lowest face card, has often been promoted to a higher or the highest position in the traditional ranking of cards, where the ace or king generally occupied the first rank. This is seen in the earliest known European card games, such as Karnöffel, as well as in more recent ones such as Euchre. Games with such promotion include:
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See also[edit]
- 'The Jack', a song by AC/DC, in which the playing card is a metaphor for a sexually transmitted disease
- The Knave of Hearts, a character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
- The Jack of Diamonds, a group of artists founded in 1909 in Moscow
- 'Jack of Diamonds', a traditional folk song
- Jack of Diamonds, the title used by George de Sand in the 1994 anime Mobile Fighter G Gundam
- Knave of Hearts, a 1954 film directed by René Clément
- The Jack of Hearts (Jack Hart), a Marvel Comics superhero
- The Jack of Hearts, a 1919 short Western film
- 'Lily, Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts', a song by Bob Dylan
- Pub (trans. The Jack), an album by Đorđe Balašević.
- King, Queen, Knave, a novel by Vladimir Nabokov first published in Russian under his pen name, V. Sirin
References[edit]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacks (playing cards). |
- ^Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, p. 290, Rodney P. Carlisle - Sage Publications INC 2009 ISBN1-4129-6670-1
- ^English pattern at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^Berry, John. (1998). 'Frequently asked questions'. The Playing-Card. Vol. 27-2. pp. 43-45.
- ^Games and Fun with Playing Cards by Joseph Leeming on Google Books
- ^The Four King Truth at the Urban Legends Reference Pages
- ^Courts on playing cards, by David Madore, with illustrations of the English and French court cards
- ^Tarocco Siciliano, early form at the International Playing-Card Society. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^Scotoni, Ralph. Mexican Pattern at Alta Carta. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ^The Knave of Harts: Haile Fellowe, Well Meet, where his Supplication to Card-Makers by Samuel Rowlands (1600)
Good card-makers (if there be any goodness in you), Apparrell us with more respected care,
Put us in hats, our caps are worne thread-bare, Let us have standing collers, in the fashion;
Poker dice are dice which, instead of having number pips, have representations of playing cards upon them. Poker dice have six sides, one each of an Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, and 9, and are used to form a poker hand.
Each variety of poker dice varies slightly in regard to suits, though the ace of spades is almost universally represented. 9♣ and 10♦ are frequently found, while face cards are traditionally represented not by suit but instead by color: red for kings, green for queens and blue for jacks. Manufacturers have not standardized the colors of the face sides. The game can also be played with ordinary dice.
As a game[edit]
The classic poker dice game is played with 5 dice and two or more players. Each player has a total of 3 rolls and the ability to hold dice in between rolls. After the three rolls, the best hand wins.
In most variations, a straight only counts as a Bust (high-card). A Straight is less probable than a Full House, so, if counted, it should rank above a Full House, though tradition usually ranks it below Full House, as in card poker. Neither a 'flush' nor a 'straight flush' is a possible hand, due to the lack of suits on the dice.
In some rules, only a straight to a King is called a Straight, while a straight to an Ace is called (somewhat incorrectly) a Flush. Each one has an exact probability of 120 / 7776. Under these rules, a Straight beats a Full House (unlike in card poker, but correctly reflecting its probability) but does not beat Four of a Kind (incorrectly reflecting its lower probability). A Flush beats Four of a Kind (as in card poker, and correctly reflecting its lower probability).
Probabilities[edit]
The poker dice hand rankings and the corresponding probabilities of rolling that hand are as follows[1][2](not sorted by probability but from highest to lowest ranking):
| Hand | Exact probability | Percentage | 1 in .. | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Five of a kind | 6 / 7776 | 0.08% | 1296 | J J J J J |
| Four of a kind | 150 / 7776 | 1.93% | 51.8 | 10 10 10 10 A |
| Full house | 300 / 7776 | 3.86% | 25.9 | K K K 9 9 |
| Straight | 240 / 7776 | 3.09% | 32.4 | A K Q J 10 |
| Three of a kind | 1200 / 7776 | 15.43% | 6.5 | 9 9 9 K J |
| Two pair | 1800 / 7776 | 23.15% | 4.3 | Q Q 9 9 A |
| One pair | 3600 / 7776 | 46.30% | 2.2 | 10 10 K Q 9 |
| Bust (high card; no pair, no straight) | 480 / 7776* | 6.17% | 16.2 | A K Q J 9 |
*Busts have much lower probability than in card poker, because there are only 6 values instead of 13, making pairs and straights much more likely than with cards. In poker dice there are in fact only four possible bust hands: [A K Q J 9], [A K Q 10 9], [A K J 10 9], and [A Q J 10 9]; both other no-pair hands (i.e., in which either the A or the 9 are missing) are straights. Consequently, in some variants of the rules, straights are counted as busts.[3]
Variants[edit]
Marlboro once marketed a set of octahedral poker dice that included suits; each die had slightly different numberings, ranging from 7 up to ace. A similar set is currently manufactured by Koplow Games.[4][5] Free fun casino games.
In 1974 Aurora produced a set of 12-sided poker dice called 'Jimmy the Greek Odds Maker Poker Dice'[6] and in 2000 Aurora/Rex Games produced a similar set under the name 'Royal Poker Dice'.[7] The sets featured five 12-sided dice allowing for all 52 playing cards to be represented. The remaining 8 faces featured stars and acted as wild cards allowing for every possible poker hand to be rolled.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Deep, Ronald (2006), Probability and statistics with integrated software routines, Elsevier Inc., ISBN0-12-369463-9Chapter 1 p 42
- ^Bărboianu, Cătălin (2006), Probability Guide to Gambling: The Mathematics of Dice, Slots, Roulette, Baccarat, Blackjack, Poker, Lottery and Sport Bets, INFAROM Publishing, p. 224, ISBN973-87520-3-5Extract of page 224
- ^Arneson, Erik (2012). 'The Complete Rules for the Dice Game Poker Dice'. About.com. New York Times Company. 'Board / Card Games' subsite. Archived from the original on 2014-04-12.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
- ^Koplow Games
- ^8-sided poker dice on BoardGameGeek.com
- ^Jimmy the Greek Odds Maker Poker Dice on BoardGameGeek.com
- ^Royal Poker Dice on BoardGameGeek.com
Poker Ace Jack Queen King Bed
External links[edit]
- Rules for Dice Poker at BrainKing.com (similar to Yahtzee)
- Arneson, Erik (2012). 'The Complete Rules for the Dice Game Poker Dice'. About.com. New York Times Company. 'Board / Card Games' subsite. Archived from the original on 2014-04-12.CS1 maint: unfit url (link) (no straights)
- Poker dice at Britannica.com